副词
I.知识点归纳
形容词、副词的作用与位置
(一)多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序
一般说来,多个形容词修饰同一名词时,与被修饰的名词关系越密切,特征越明显则越靠近中心名词。具体情况有两种:
1) 如果几个形容词密切程度差不多,通常将音节少的放在前,音节多的置于后。如:
a small beautiful room a lovely and beautiful girl
2) 如果是性质、特征相差远的多个形容词,则限定词在前,其它修饰词依次置后。习惯排列顺序: 限定词(those)+ 数量形容词(three)+ 描绘性形容词(beautiful)+ 大小、长短、高低等形体性形容词(large)+ 新旧(old)+ 颜色(brown)+ 国籍 + 材料(wood)+ 被修饰名词(table) 概括为“美小圆旧黄,法国木书房”
记住规则是必要的,但初学者还应多阅读、多体会,增强语感是关键。请仔细体会下面的例子: all these last few days some beautiful little red flowers a new green silk cap
(二)形容词的作用
1. 作定语,修饰由不定代词one, no, any, some和every构成的复合词,如anything, something时,通常放在所修饰的词后面。如:I have something interesting to tell you.
2. 作表语:通常与系动词be , get , grow , become , feel , appear, prove , seem, look, keep, smell, taste, sound, turn, remain 等连用。如: The weather is getting cooler and cooler.
3. 作宾补,如:The news made everyone happy.
4. 与定冠词一起表示某一类人或物,在句中可作主语、宾语。如:
The rich and the poor live very different lives.
5. 作状语,表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。如:
He went to bed, cold and hungry.
She stared into the distance, speechless for a moment.
几个注意点:
1.下列以a-开头的形容词通常只用作表语:afraid, alike , alive , alone, asleep, awake, ashamed , afloat (飘浮的), aware (知道的)等。另外,unable, content (满足的), well(身体)好的,ill(生病的),通常不可用作定语;ill 作定语时, 通常是坏的,邪恶的意思。尽管现在已有人用ill作前置定语表示生病的,well表示健康的,习惯上还是用sick, healthy等作前置定语为好
以上所列词汇中,afraid , alive, alone, awake 可用作后置定语 如:a man afraid害怕的人,the greatest man alive健在的最伟大的人 the only child awake 唯一醒着的孩子
注意:
1) 多数以a-开头的形容词不直接用very修饰,通常习惯说法 如:very much alone 非常孤单的/wide awake 十分清醒的/sound / fast asleep 熟睡的
2) 以a-开头的形容词本身带有副词来修饰时,可以用作前置定语 如:a fast asleep boy 熟睡的男孩;the wide awake soldiers 十分清醒的士兵
3) 修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有:be well worth, much the same, freezing / terribly cold, quite different,
2. 有些形容词通常不能用作表语
我们不说The table is wooden 而应改为The table is of wood. 或The table is made of wood.
不能用作表语,只能作定语的常用形容词还有:inner 内部的, outer 外部的, former 较
前的, latter 较后的, utter完全的, upper上面的, real真正的, mere仅仅的, live[laiv] 活的,sheer纯粹的, only唯一的, aged年老的
3. 有些形容词(如possible)作表语时,通常不用人作主语
我们不说He is possible to attend the meeting.
而应该说It is possible for him to attend the meeting.
这类形容词常见的有: possible, improbable, convenient, inconvenient等
注意:这类句型中当动词不定式与句子主语存在着逻辑动宾关系时,主语用人是可以 如:He is impossible to teach. = It is impossible to teach him.
4.有些副词与形容词形式相同,表示同一含义,常见的有:early , late , fast , high , straight
(三)副词的作用
1. 作状语,通常修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。如:This is exactly what he wanted.
2. 作表语,如:One of the tyres is down.
3. 作定语,如:One my way home, I saw an old lady sitting under a tree alone.
4. 作宾补(副词构成复合宾语的情况较少),如:I saw Mrs Green out with her husband.
5. 表示位置的副词可与动词构成短语,表示特定的意思。如pick out (挑选),turn up (露面)
(四)副词的位置
1. 修饰形容词和其它副词时,通常放在被修饰词之前,但enough一词例外如:This is a very useful tool He doesn't work hard enough.
2. 频度副词 (often , usually , seldom , hardly , never, sometimes, always等)要放在实义动词的前面,be动词、助动词、情态动词的后面 如:We often go to the park..
3. 地点副词、时间副词、方式副词常位于句末 如:I remember that I met him somewhere.
4. 同时出现几种副词时的排列顺序:方式副词→地点副词→时间副词
如:He made his model plane perfectly there yesterday.
5. 作定语时,副词应放在被修饰词之后。如:People here are very friendly to me.
6. 某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词如:friendly, comradely , lively , lovely, lonely, likely, deadly , silly , orderly
7. 有些副词加-ly后变为另一副词,但意义不同,使用时应予注意
如:late迟 — lately近来 high高 — highly 高度地 hard努力 –hardly几乎不 free免费 — freely无限制地 close近 — closely密切地 deep深 — deeply深切地
wide大开地 — widely广泛地 most最 — mostly主要地;绝大多数地