Part B

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)

　　“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.

　　Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.

　　From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus - On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.

　　Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.

　　This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere morals.

　　Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”

　　This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding - from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.

　　[A] emphasized the virtue of

　　classical heroes.

　　41. Petrarch [B] highlighted the public glory of

　　the leading artists.

　　42. Niccolo Machiavellli [C] focused on epochal figures whose

　　lives were hard to imitate.

　　43. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding

　　the great men in history.

　　44. Thomas Carlyle [E] held that history should be the story

　　of the masses and their record of struggle.

　　45. Marx and Engels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for

　　successful leaders.

　　[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer

　　industrialists and explorers.

　　新题型：

　　41-45：AFGCE

　　41. Petrarch出现在文章第二段第二行“In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus - On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes.”根据此句的提示，Petrarch强调英雄美德。正确答案为A。

　　42.该题可定位于文章第二段第五行“This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head.In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.”由此可知Niccolo Machiavelli的态度是反对美德作为成功人士的必要成分。根据此句的提示，正确答案为F。

　　43. 该题可定位于文章第三段第三行“By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores .”Samual Smiles 描写了工程师们、企业家们和探险家们有价值的生活。根据此句的提示，正确答案为G。

　　44. Thomas Carlyle出现在文章第四段第二行“These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere morals.”由此得知Thomas Carlyle的观点在于划时代的人物的生活很难模仿。因此，正确答案为C。

　　45.Marx and Engels主张Communist Manifesto共产党宣言，可定位于第五段第二行，“And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.”历史应该是人民大众的故事，他们斗争的记录。因此，正确答案为E。